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<title>Deprogramming</title>

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Deprogramming

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Deprogramming is a controversial tactic that seeks to dissuade someone from "strongly held convictions"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> such as religious beliefs. Deprogramming purports to assist a person who holds a particular belief system—of a kind considered harmful by those initiating the deprogramming—to change those beliefs and sever connections to the group associated with them.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Typically, people identifying themselves as deprogrammers are hired by a person's relatives, often parents of adult children. The subject of the deprogramming is usually forced to undergo the procedure, which might last days or weeks, against their will.

Methods and practices of deprogramming are varied but have often involved <a href="Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> and <a href="False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">false imprisonment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> which have sometimes resulted in criminal convictions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-08301980-7">[7]</a> The practice has led to controversies over <a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="Criminality" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminality">criminality</a>, and the use of violence.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Proponents of deprogramming present the practice as a necessary counter-measure to the systematic "brainwashing" procedures allegedly employed by religious groups, which they claim deprive the individual of their capacity for free choice.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

In the United States in the early 1970s, there was an increasing number of <a href="New_Religious_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New Religious Movement">New Religious Movements</a>. <a href="Ted_Patrick" title="Ted Patrick">Ted Patrick</a>, the "father of deprogramming", formed an organization he called "The Citizens' Freedom Foundation" and began offering 'deprogramming' services to people who wanted to break a family member's connection to an NRM. Patrick's methods involved abduction, physical restraint, detention over days or weeks while maintaining a constant presence with the victim, food and sleep deprivation, prolonged verbal and emotional abuse, and desecration of the symbols of the victim's faith.<a href="#cite_note-holywars-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Deprogrammers justified their actions by applying a theory of "<a href="Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a>" to New Religious Movements.<a href="#cite_note-Chryssides-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Brainwashing theory denied the possibility of authentic spiritual choice for an NRM member, proposing instead that such individuals were subject to systematic mind control programs that overrode their capacity for independent volition.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-13">[13]</a>: 56 Ted Patrick's theory of brainwashing was that individuals were hypnotized by brainwaves projected from a recruiter's eyes and fingertips, after which the state was maintained by constant indoctrination, a totalistic environment, and self-hypnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-13">[13]</a>: 59 Most academic research, however, indicated that the reasons for people joining, remaining in, or leaving NRMs were complex, varied from group to group and individual to individual, and generally reflected the continued presence of a capacity for individual responsibility and choice.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-13">[13]</a>: 43, 61

The Citizens' Freedom Foundation, which later became known as the <a href="Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a>, became the most prominent group in the emerging national <a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movement</a> of the 1970s and 80s. The anti-cult movement lobbied for state and national legislative action to legitimize its activities, and although this had very limited success, the movement was nevertheless able to forge alliances with a number of governmental agencies. This was primarily on the back of its propagation of the brainwashing/mind control ideology, which succeeded in turning affiliation with NRMs into an issue of public—rather than private—concern and gave a pseudo-legitimacy to the anti-cultists more extreme claims and actions.

Although the CFF and CAN were in favor of deprogramming, they distanced themselves from the practice from the late 1970s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Despite this apparent repudiation, however, they continued the practice. CFF and CAN referred thousands of paying clients to activist members who kept lists of deprogrammers. The total number that occurred is unknown, but in 1980 Ted Patrick claimed to have been hired over 2000 times as a professional abductor.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Many other operators emerged both during and after the period in which he was active, many of them trained by him.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-13">[13]</a>: 59 The practice of deprogramming was an integral part of the anti-cult ideology and economy, and was seen as an effective response to the demand emanating from people who wanted a family member extracted, but it also clashed with the need for anti-cult organizations to present themselves as "educational" associations (the CFF, for example, received tax-exempt status as an educational trust). This, along with its tenuous legal and moral status, meant that deprogramming tended to be publicly disavowed, while its practice continued clandestinely.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_violence">Use of violence</h2></div>

Deprogramming became a controversial practice due to the violent and illegal nature of some of its methods. Various academics have commented on the practice. Sociologist <a href="Anson_D._Shupe" title="Anson D. Shupe">Anson D. Shupe</a> and others wrote that deprogramming is comparable to <a href="Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> in both methodology and manifestation.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Professor of Sociology and Judicial Studies <a href="James_T._Richardson" title="James T. Richardson">James T. Richardson</a> described deprogramming as a "private, self-help process whereby participants in unpopular new religious movements (NRMs) were forcibly removed from the group, incarcerated, and put through radical resocialization processes that were supposed to result in their agreeing to leave the group."<a href="#cite_note-richardson-18">[18]</a> Law professor <a href="Douglas_Laycock" title="Douglas Laycock">Douglas Laycock</a>, author of Religious Liberty: The Free Exercise Clause, wrote:

<blockquote>Beginning in the 1970s, many parents responded to the initial conversion with "deprogramming." The essence of deprogramming was to physically abduct the convert, isolate him and physically restrain him, and barrage him with continuous arguments and attacks against his new religion, threatening to hold him forever until he agreed to leave it.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote>

Deprogrammers generally operated on the presumption that the people they were paid to extract from religious organizations were victims of mind control or brainwashing. Since the theory was that such individuals were incapable of rational thought, extreme measures were thought to be justified for their own good, up to and including the use of criminal violence. Ted Patrick was eventually tried and convicted of multiple felonies relating to kidnapping and false imprisonment of deprogramming subjects.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a>

Violence of one degree or another is common to all anecdotal accounts of deprogramming. There are numerous testimonies from people who describe being threatened with a gun, beaten, denied food and sleep, and sexually assaulted.<a href="#cite_note-Barker_2002-20">[20]</a> In these accounts, the deprogramming usually begins with the victim being forced into a vehicle and taken to a place where they are isolated from everyone but their captors. Told that they would not be released until they renounce their beliefs, they are then subjected to days and sometimes weeks of verbal, emotional, psychological, and/or physical pressure until the demands of their abductors are satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

According to sociologist <a href="Eileen_Barker" title="Eileen Barker">Eileen Barker</a>, "One does not have to rely on the victims for stories of violence: Ted Patrick, one of the most notorious deprogrammers used by CAGs [cult-awareness groups] (who has spent several terms in prison for his exploits) openly boasts about some of the violence he employed." A number of other prominent members of "cult-awareness groups" have been convicted of violent crimes committed in the course of deprogrammings.<a href="#cite_note-Barker_2002-20">[20]</a>

<a href="Carol_Giambalvo" title="Carol Giambalvo">Carol Giambalvo</a>, who worked for the Cult Awareness Network in the 1980s (later advocating for "voluntary exit counseling" and "thought reform consultation") said that although abductions certainly occurred, the more common practice was to forcefully detain people in their own homes, or in a cabin or motel room. Giambalvo tells of "horror stories" of restraint, beatings, use of handcuffs and weapons, sexual abuse, and even rape, although she claims that these were only used in a minority of cases and that deprogramming "helped to free many individuals".<a href="#cite_note-Giambalvo_1998-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_and_effectiveness">Rationale and effectiveness</h2></div>

Carol Giambalvo described the reasoning behind deprogramming thus:<blockquote>It was believed that the hold of the brainwashing over the cognitive processes of a cult member needed to be broken – or "snapped" as some termed it – by means that would shock or frighten the cultist into thinking again. For that reason, in some cases cult leader's pictures were burned or there were highly confrontational interactions between deprogrammers and cultist. What was often sought was an emotional response to the information, the shock, the fear, and the confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-Giambalvo_1998-22">[22]</a></blockquote>

Another associate of Ted Patrick, Sylvia Buford, identified five stages in the deprogramming which would, ideally, bring the subject to a recognition of their condition:

<ol><li>Discrediting the authority figure</li>

<li>Presenting contradictions - comparing the ideology with the reality; for example, "How can he preach love when he exploits people?"</li>

<li>The breaking point, at which the subject begins to accept the deprogrammer's position and begins doubting the ideology</li>

<li>Self-expression: the subject begins to voice criticisms and complaints against the cult.</li>

<li>Identification and transference: the subject begins to identify with the deprogrammers, thinking as an opponent of the cult rather than as a member.<a href="#cite_note-All_Gods_Children-23">[23]</a></li></ol>

According to Giambalvo and others, however, deprogramming frequently failed completely to achieve the desired outcome and often caused significant harm. While some advocates claimed a high success rate, studies show that natural attrition rates are actually higher than those achieved by deprogramming interventions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

Professor of psychiatry <a href="Saul_V._Levine" title="Saul V. Levine">Saul V. Levine</a> suggests that it is doubtful that deprogramming helps many people and goes on to say that it actually causes harm to the victim by the very nature of deprogramming. For deprogramming to work, the victim must be convinced that they joined a religious group against their will. They then must renounce responsibility and accept that in some mysterious way that their minds were controlled. He argues that deprogramming destroys a person's identity and is likely to create permanent anxiety about freedom of choice and leave the deprogrammed subject dependent upon the guidance and advice of others.<a href="#cite_note-levine-25">[25]</a>

The <a href="Dialog_Center_International" title="Dialog Center International">Dialog Center International</a> (DCI) a major <a href="Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian counter-cult</a> organization founded in 1973 by a <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> professor of <a href="Missiology" title="Missiology">missiology</a> and <a href="Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> <a href="Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="Johannes_Aagaard" title="Johannes Aagaard">Johannes Aagaard</a>, rejects deprogramming, believing that it is counterproductive, ineffective, and can harm the relationship between a cult member and concerned family members.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div>

Deprogrammers have sometimes operated with overt or tacit support of law enforcement and judicial officials.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-reflex-28">[28]</a> Richardson sees government involvement in deprogramming as existing on a continuum from implicit approval to active involvement. In the United States, where there are First Amendment protections for religious groups, government officials and agencies frequently "turned a blind eye" to the activities of deprogrammers. In China, government agencies have at times promoted activities resembling deprogramming to enforce official views of "correct" beliefs and behaviors, for example in the suppression of the <a href="Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-richardson-18">[18]</a> This can involve "vigorous, even violent, efforts to dissuade people from participating in groups deemed unacceptable to the government" and have been "given legal sanction by the passage of laws that make illegal the activities or even the beliefs of the unpopular movement or group being targeted".<a href="#cite_note-richardson-18">[18]</a>

In the United States—in New York, Kansas, Nebraska, Connecticut, Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon and Texas—lawmakers unsuccessfully attempted to legalize involuntary deprogramming, either through a deprogramming bill or conservatorship legislation. In New York, two bills were actually passed by the legislature (in 1980 and 1981), but both were vetoed by Governor <a href="Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Hugh Carey</a> because of their violation of religious and other constitutional freedoms. In other states the bills failed to pass the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_related_issues">Controversy and related issues</h2></div>

In the United States, from the mid-1970s and throughout the 1980s <a href="Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> was a widely accepted theory in public opinion, and the vast majority of newspaper and magazine accounts of deprogrammings assumed that recruits' relatives were well justified to seek <a href="Conservatorship" title="Conservatorship">conservatorships</a> and to hire deprogrammers.<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-30">[30]</a>

One disturbing aspect from a <a href="Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> point of view, was that people hiring deprogrammers would use deception or other ethically questionable methods—including <a href="Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>—to get their relative into deprogrammers' hands, without allowing them any recourse to a lawyer or psychiatrist of their own choosing. Previously, there would be a sanity hearing first, and only then a commitment to an <a href="Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">asylum</a> or involuntary therapy. But with deprogramming, judges routinely granted parents legal authority over their adult children without a hearing.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-31">[31]</a>

Critics contend that deprogramming and exit counseling begin with a <a href="False_premise" title="False premise">false premise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[33]</a> Lawyers for some groups who have lost members due to deprogramming, as well as some civil liberties advocates, sociologists and psychologists, argue that it is not the religious groups but rather the deprogrammers who are the ones who deceive and manipulate people.<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

During the 1990s, deprogrammer <a href="Rick_Ross_(consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Ross (consultant)">Rick Ross</a> was sued by <a href="Jason_Scott_case" title="Jason Scott case">Jason Scott</a>, a former member of a <a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> group called the Life Tabernacle Church, after an unsuccessful deprogramming attempt. In 1995, the jury awarded Scott <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>875,000 in <a href="Compensatory_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory damages">compensatory damages</a> and US$2,500,000 in <a href="Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">punitive damages</a> against Ross, which were later settled for US$5,000 and 200 hours of services. More significantly, the jury also found that the leading <a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult</a> group known as the <a href="Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a> (CAN) was a co-conspirator in the crime and fined CAN around US$1,000,000 in punitive damages, forcing the group into <a href="Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This case is often seen as effectively closing the door on the practice of involuntary deprogramming in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-holywars-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referral_and_kickback_system">Referral and kickback system</h2></div>

<a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult</a> groups play a central role in maintaining the underground network of communications, referrals, transportation, and housing necessary for continued deprogramming.<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[39]</a>

The Cult Awareness Network operated a referral scheme (<a href="Cult_Awareness_Network#Deprogramming_referral_kickback_scheme_–_NARDEC" title="Cult Awareness Network">NARDEC</a>) in which they would refer people to deprogrammers in return for a "kickback" in the form of a donation or as a commission.<a href="#cite_note-shupe2011-40">[40]</a> Deprogrammers such as <a href="Rick_Ross_(consultant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Ross (consultant)">Rick Alan Ross</a>, <a href="Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Steven Hassan</a> and <a href="Carol_Giambalvo" title="Carol Giambalvo">Carol Giambalvo</a> were among the CAN-referred deprogrammers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2></div>

</caption>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Subject

</th>

<th>Group

</th>

<th>Description

</th>

<th>Deprogrammer

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>1974

</td>

<td>Kathy Crampton<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Love_Family" title="Love Family">Love Family</a>

</td>

<td>The abduction and deprogramming were televised across the United States; shortly after what was thought to be a 'successful' deprogramming, she went back to the group. Deprogrammer charged with kidnapping but acquitted.

</td>

<td>Ted Patrick

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1980

</td>

<td>Susan Wirth, a 35-year-old teacher living in <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>

</td>

<td>Coalition to Fight the Death Penalty; African People's Solidarity Committee; anti-nuclear<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-30">[30]</a>

</td>

<td>Taken off the street and shoved into a van by 4 kidnappers, at the instigation of her parents.<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The parents paid <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>27,000 (roughly $103,000 after inflation) for the deprogramming, which included being gagged, handcuffed to a bed for two weeks, denied food and water, and repeatedly threatened.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Despite the ordeal, Wirth remained committed to her causes and spoke out against deprogramming, but declined to press legal charges against her parents.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

</td>

<td>Ted Patrick

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1980

</td>

<td>Roberta McElfish, a 26-year-old <a href="Tucson%2C_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> waitress.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-08301980-7">[7]</a>

</td>

<td>Wesley Thomas Family

</td>

<td>Abducted off the street by relatives who thought she had joined a cult, McElfish managed to escape before a deprogramming was administered.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Deprogrammer convicted of <a href="Conspiracy_(criminal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (criminal)">conspiracy</a>, kidnapping, and <a href="False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">false imprisonment</a>; sentenced to one year in prison and fined US$5,000.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-09271980-46">[46]</a>

</td>

<td>Ted Patrick

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1981

</td>

<td>Stephanie Riethmiller, who lived in <a href="Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> relationship

</td>

<td>Kidnapped off the streets by deprogrammers hired by her parents, who paid US$8,000 (approximately $28,000 now) to have her extracted from her lesbian relationship. She was allegedly held against her will for 7 days, harangued constantly about the evils of homosexuality, and repeatedly raped. Authorities brought charges of assault, abduction, and <a href="Sexual_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual battery">sexual battery</a> against those involved, but the trial resulted largely in acquittals.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Civil charges were filed against her parents and the deprogrammers, which were dismissed in a trial that generated some controversy in the media.<a href="#cite_note-Rusher-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

</td>

<td>Ted Patrick referred parents to Naomi Goss and James Roe

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1981

</td>

<td>Thomas Ward

</td>

<td><a href="Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>

</td>

<td>Held captive for 35 days and subjected to physical and psychological abuse by deprogrammers and family members. In Ward's civil action, the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that federal civil rights laws protect against religious discrimination. The judgment contradicted the (then common) "parental immunity" principle in such cases.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-31">[31]</a>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1982

</td>

<td>Claire Château, 21-year-old, in Dijon, France

</td>

<td>Unification Church

</td>

<td>Kidnapped during the day on the central street of Dijon, Château was pulled into a moving car, screaming for help. Medical-psychological examination showed that she had been in good mental health with no traces of "brainwashing". Seven people—family members and ADFI "professional deprogrammers"—were accused of kidnapping by the Dijon Regional Criminal Investigation Department under §341 of the <a href="French_criminal_code" title="French criminal code">French criminal code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The case contributed to the gradual abandonment of abductions and deprogramming attempts.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>7 people: <a href="Union_nationale_des_associations_de_d%C3%A9fense_des_familles_et_de_l'individu" title="Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu">ADFI</a> and family members

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1990

</td>

<td>Karen Lever, a 33 years old director of a computer consulting company

</td>

<td><a href="Frederick_Lenz" title="Frederick Lenz">Rama Seminars</a>

</td>

<td>Seized and shoved into a van by 3 men at Seattle airport. Held captive for 8 days (guarded 24 hours a day with no privacy) by 7 deprogrammers hired by her parents. After the complete failure of their enterprise, the deprogrammers returned Lever to her car at the airport. Advised by Seattle police that she had grounds to press charges for kidnapping and false imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

</td>

<td>Joseph Szimhart

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1990

</td>

<td>Elma Miller, an <a href="Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> woman

</td>

<td>liberal sect

</td>

<td>Deprogrammers were hired by her husband to return her to him and the Amish church. Criminal charges of conspiracy were filed against the husband, brother, and two others but were later dropped on her request to the prosecuting attorney.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

</td>

<td>Ted Patrick

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1990s

</td>

<td><a href="Jason_Scott_case" title="Jason Scott case">Jason Scott</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> group called the Life Tabernacle Church (part of <a href="United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a>)

</td>

<td>Unsuccessful deprogramming. Scott became a former member and sued.<a href="#cite_note-:5-57">[57]</a> The jury awarded Scott US$875,000 in <a href="Compensatory_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory damages">compensatory damages</a>, US$1,000,000 in <a href="Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">punitive damages</a> against the <a href="Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a> (CAN), and US$2,500,000 against Ross (later settled for US$5,000 and 200 hours of services "as an expert consultant and intervention specialist").<a href="#cite_note-:5-57">[57]</a>

</td>

<td>Rick Ross

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exit_counseling">Exit counseling</h2></div>

Proponents of "Exit counseling" distinguish it from coercive forms of deprogramming. The fundamental difference is that involuntary deprogramming involves forced confinement of the individual whereas in exit counseling they are free to leave at any time. The absence of physical coercion is thought to increase the likelihood of establishing a rapport and of not alienating, enraging or terrifying the subject. Exit counsellors are typically brought in during a "family <a href="Intervention_(counseling)" title="Intervention (counseling)">Intervention</a>", where they explain their role and seek to change the subject's attitude to their religious group through reasoning and persuasion.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

Langone, writing in 1993, estimated that deprogramming costs typically rise to at least <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>10,000 (roughly $22,000 after accounting for inflation), compared to exit counseling which typically costs US$2,000 to US$4,000 (roughly $4,000 to $8,000 after accounting for inflation), although cases requiring extensive research of little-known groups can cost much more. Deprogramming, especially when it fails, also entails considerable legal risk and psychological risk (for example, a permanent alienation of the subject from their family).

In exit counseling, these psychological and legal risks are reduced. Although deprogrammers prepare family members (other than the subject) for the process, exit counselors tend to work with such family members directly, expecting those requesting the intervention to contribute to the process. Exit counseling requires that families establish a reasonable and respectful level of communication with their loved one before the program itself can begin. Because deprogramming relies on coercion (which is illegal except in the case of <a href="Conservatorship" title="Conservatorship">conservatorship</a> and is generally viewed as unethical) deprogrammers' critiques of the religious organization tend to be less credible to the subject than the arguments of exit counselors.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> – Pseudoscientific attempts to change sexual orientation or gender identity</li>

<li><a href="Debriefing" title="Debriefing">Debriefing</a> – Report back and review on a project or mission after completion</li>

<li><a href="Deradicalization" title="Deradicalization">Deradicalization</a> – Process to replace extreme views with moderate ones</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deprogram">"Definition of DEPROGRAM"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Chryssides, Exploring New Religions, 348.

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Davis, Derek H.; Hankins, Barry (2003). New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America. Waco, TX: <a href="Baylor_University_Press" title="Baylor University Press">Baylor University Press</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-shupe2011-40"><a href="#cite_ref-shupe2011_40-0">^</a> <a href="Anson_D._Shupe" title="Anson D. Shupe">Shupe, Anson</a>; Darnell, Susan E. (2006). Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-Science, and the American Anticult Movement. <a href="New_Brunswick%2C_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, NJ</a>: <a href="Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1">"Ted Patrick Freed in Coast Abduction". <a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. 1974-12-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2002&dat=19800702&id=Q6wiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1677,212672">"Daughter kidnapped over politics"</a>. <a href="Beaver_County_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver County Times">Beaver County Times</a>. <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. July 2, 1980. p. A-13. Retrieved November 14, 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Postpage, Stephen Garrard (1993). Inquiries in Bioethics. New York: <a href="Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. p. 71. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87840-538-1</bdi>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "Feared kidnapped, she reconciles with mother", <a href="Merced_Sun-Star" title="Merced Sun-Star">Merced Sun-Star</a>, July 29, 1980.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19800829&id=FTFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mQIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7028,6230084">"Cult Deprogrammer Is Found Guilty,"</a> Toledo Blade, 30 August 1980.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nyt-09271980-46"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-09271980_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1">"Ted Patrick is sentenced in seizure of cult member". <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1980-09-27.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19831016&id=wTYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t6UEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6689,4223544">"Ala. woman held by cult is sentenced,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802205948/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19831016&id=wTYdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t6UEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6689,4223544">Archived</a> 2022-08-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Tuscaloosa News, 16 October 1983.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Love with an Improper Stranger: Sexual Deprogramming goes on trial in Cincinnati," Time 119, no. 18 (May 1982).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Comstock, Gard David (1995). Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. New York: <a href="Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 201. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-07331-8</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19811210&id=kKgfAAAAIBAJ&pg=3609,1674945">"'Deprogrammed' Woman Files Suit"</a>. Gadsden Times. December 10, 1981. p. 1. Retrieved 14 November 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBirman2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birman, Patricia (2005-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-93132005000100001">"Fronteiras espirituais e fronteiras nacionais: o combate às seitas na França"</a>. Mana (in Portuguese). 11: 7–39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0104-93132005000100001">10.1590/S0104-93132005000100001</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0104-9313">0104-9313</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1982/03/09/sept-personnes-sont-inculpees-a-besancon-pour-avoir-sequestre-une-adepte-de-moon-la-secte-a-l-intention-de-se-porter-partie-civile-un-drame-en-trois-actes_3146944_1819218.html">"Sept personnes sont inculpées à Besançon pour avoir séquestré une adepte de Moon La secte à l'intention de se porter partie civile Un drame en trois actes"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 1982-03-09. Retrieved 2024-04-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBirman_Patricia2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birman_Patricia (2024-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnographiques.org/2008/Birman">"Croyances et appartenances : un débat français"</a>. ethnographiques.org (in French). Retrieved 2024-04-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShupeDarnell2006" class="citation book cs1">Shupe, Anson; Darnell, Susan (2006). Agents of Discord: Deprogramming, Pseudo-science, and the American Anticult Movement. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 56.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "Amish Woman Charges Deprogramming", <a href="Pittsburgh_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Press">Pittsburgh Press</a>, November 30, 1990.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "Amish Woman Asks Prosecutor to Drop Charges on Kidnapping", Madison Courier. December 8, 1990.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_57-1">b</a> Shupe and Darnell, Agents of Discord, 180–4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLangone1995" class="citation book cs1">Langone, Michael D. (1995). Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse. New York: <a href="W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. pp. 166, 171–4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780393313215</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLangone1993" class="citation web cs1">Langone, Michael D. and Paul R. Martin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0121a.html">"Deprogramming, Exit Counseling, and Ethics - Clarifying the Confusion"</a>. www.iclnet.org. Retrieved 2019-04-07.</cite>

</li>

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</style><div id="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition to new religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Mind control</a></li>

<li><a href="New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="APA_Task_Force_on_Deceptive_and_Indirect_Methods_of_Persuasion_and_Control" title="APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control">APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Religious_Studies_in_the_name_of_Hieromartyr_Irenaeus_of_Lyons" title="Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons">Center for Religious Studies in the name of Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_Awareness_Network" title="Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Cult_Information_Centre" title="Cult Information Centre">Cult Information Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultists_Anonymous" title="Cultists Anonymous">Cultists Anonymous</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Cultic_Studies_Association" title="International Cultic Studies Association">International Cultic Studies Association</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Family_Survival_Trust" title="The Family Survival Trust">The Family Survival Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="FACTNet" title="FACTNet">Fight Against Coercive Tactics Network</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Network_of_Lawyers_Against_Spiritual_Sales" title="National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales">National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales</a></li>

<li><a href="People's_Organised_Workshop_on_Ersatz_Religion" title="People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion">People's Organised Workshop on Ersatz Religion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jean-Marie_Abgrall" title="Jean-Marie Abgrall">Jean-Marie Abgrall</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Gordon_Clark" title="John Gordon Clark">John Gordon Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Eichel" title="Steve Eichel">Steve Eichel</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Faiers" title="Martin Faiers">Martin Faiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Carol_Giambalvo" title="Carol Giambalvo">Carol Giambalvo</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Steven Hassan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Haworth" title="Ian Haworth">Ian Haworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Galen_Kelly" title="Galen Kelly">Galen Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Stephen A. Kent</a></li>

<li><a href="Masaki_Kito" title="Masaki Kito">Masaki Kito</a></li>

<li><a href="Janja_Lalich" title="Janja Lalich">Janja Lalich</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Langone" title="Michael Langone">Michael Langone</a></li>

<li><a href="Saul_V._Levine" title="Saul V. Levine">Saul V. Levine</a></li>

<li><a href="Casey_McCann" title="Casey McCann">Casey McCann</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_S._Miller" title="Jesse S. Miller">Jesse S. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Sayuri_Ogawa" title="Sayuri Ogawa">Sayuri Ogawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ted_Patrick" title="Ted Patrick">Ted Patrick</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Tsutsumi Sakamoto</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Shelton_(author)" title="Chris Shelton (author)">Chris Shelton</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Singer" title="Margaret Singer">Margaret Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="Eito_Suzuki" title="Eito Suzuki">Eito Suzuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Alain_Vivien" title="Alain Vivien">Alain Vivien</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_Vosper" title="Cyril Vosper">Cyril Vosper</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Jolyon_West" title="Louis Jolyon West">Louis Jolyon West</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Wollersheim" title="Lawrence Wollersheim">Lawrence Wollersheim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialog_Center_International" title="Dialog Center International">Dialog Center International</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialogue_Ireland" title="Dialogue Ireland">Dialogue Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelical_Ministries_to_New_Religions" title="Evangelical Ministries to New Religions">Evangelical Ministries to New Religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Religious_Research" title="Institute for Religious Research">Institute for Religious Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_Freedom_Outreach" title="Personal Freedom Outreach">Personal Freedom Outreach</a></li>

<li><a href="Midwest_Christian_Outreach" title="Midwest Christian Outreach">Midwest Christian Outreach</a></li>

<li><a href="New_England_Institute_of_Religious_Research" title="New England Institute of Religious Research">New England Institute of Religious Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Reachout_Trust" title="Reachout Trust">Reachout Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiritual_Counterfeits_Project" title="Spiritual Counterfeits Project">Spiritual Counterfeits Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Watchman_Fellowship" title="Watchman Fellowship">Watchman Fellowship</a></li>

<li><a href="Wellspring_Retreat_and_Resource_Center" title="Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center">Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Johannes_Aagaard" title="Johannes Aagaard">Johannes Aagaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Baldwin" title="Graham Baldwin">Graham Baldwin</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_M._Bowman_Jr." title="Robert M. Bowman Jr.">Robert M. Bowman Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Buss%C3%A9ll" title="Harold Busséll">Harold Busséll</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Dagon" title="Gérard Dagon">Gérard Dagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Davis" title="Maurice Davis">Maurice Davis</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Dvorkin" title="Alexander Dvorkin">Alexander Dvorkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Enroth" title="Ronald Enroth">Ronald Enroth</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Garde" title="Mike Garde">Mike Garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Garbose" title="Robin Garbose">Robin Garbose</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Groenveld" title="Jan Groenveld">Jan Groenveld</a></li>

<li><a href="Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinhart_Hummel" title="Reinhart Hummel">Reinhart Hummel</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Ikor" title="Roger Ikor">Roger Ikor</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Larson" title="Bob Larson">Bob Larson</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_R._Martin" title="Paul R. Martin">Paul R. Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Ralston Martin</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Passantino" title="Robert Passantino">Robert Passantino</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Federation_of_Centres_of_Research_and_Information_on_Sectarianism" title="European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism">European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_contre_les_manipulations_mentales" title="Centre contre les manipulations mentales">Centre contre les manipulations mentales</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_nationale_des_associations_de_d%C3%A9fense_des_familles_et_de_l'individu" title="Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu">Union nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu</a></li>

<li><a href="MIVILUDES" title="MIVILUDES">MIVILUDES</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France" title="Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France">Parliamentary Commission on Cults in France</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals in government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nicolas_About" title="Nicolas About">Nicolas About</a></li>

<li><a href="Serge_Blisko" title="Serge Blisko">Serge Blisko</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Fenech" title="Georges Fenech">Georges Fenech</a></li>

<li><a href="Ford_Greene" title="Ford Greene">Ford Greene</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Mutch" title="Stephen Mutch">Stephen Mutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_Picard" title="Catherine Picard">Catherine Picard</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Sackville" title="Tom Sackville">Tom Sackville</a></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Xenophon" title="Nick Xenophon">Nick Xenophon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="About%E2%80%93Picard_law" title="About–Picard law">About–Picard law</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Assassination of Shinzo Abe</a></li>

<li><a href="Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">Governmental lists of cults and sects</a></li>

<li><a href="Heaven's_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Mass suicide of Heaven's Gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason_Scott_case" title="Jason Scott case">Jason Scott case</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrest_of_Apollo_Quiboloy" title="Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy">Arrest of Apollo Quiboloy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Prohibited_and_Unlawful_Societies_and_Associations_Act" title="The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act">The Prohibited and Unlawful Societies and Associations Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All_Gods_Children_(book)" title="All Gods Children (book)">All Gods Children (book)</a></li>

<li><a href="Another_Gospel" title="Another Gospel">Another Gospel</a></li>

<li><a href="Bounded_Choice" title="Bounded Choice">Bounded Choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Brainwashing%3A_The_Science_of_Thought_Control" title="Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control">Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Captive_Hearts%2C_Captive_Minds" title="Captive Hearts, Captive Minds">Captive Hearts, Captive Minds</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Challenge_of_the_Cults_and_New_Religions" title="The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions">The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions</a></li>

<li><a href="Churches_That_Abuse" title="Churches That Abuse">Churches That Abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Combating_Cult_Mind_Control" title="Combating Cult Mind Control">Combating Cult Mind Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Cults%3A_Faith%2C_Healing_and_Coercion" title="Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion">Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cults_in_Our_Midst" title="Cults in Our Midst">Cults in Our Midst</a></li>

<li><a href="Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadly_Cults" title="Deadly Cults">Deadly Cults</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Incendiaries" title="The Incendiaries">The Incendiaries</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Kingdom_of_the_Cults" title="The Kingdom of the Cults">The Kingdom of the Cults</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Making_of_a_Moonie" title="The Making of a Moonie">The Making of a Moonie</a></li>

<li><a href="Misunderstanding_Cults" title="Misunderstanding Cults">Misunderstanding Cults</a></li>

<li><a href="The_New_Vigilantes%3A_Deprogrammers%2C_Anti-Cultists%2C_and_the_New_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions">The New Vigilantes: Deprogrammers, Anti-Cultists, and the New Religions</a></li>

<li><a href="On_the_Edge%3A_Political_Cults_Right_and_Left" title="On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left">On the Edge: Political Cults Right and Left</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovery_from_Cults" title="Recovery from Cults">Recovery from Cults</a></li>

<li><a href="Snapping%3A_America's_Epidemic_of_Sudden_Personality_Change" title="Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change">Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change</a></li>

<li><a href="Strange_Gods%3A_The_Great_American_Cult_Scare" title="Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare">Strange Gods: The Great American Cult Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought_Reform_and_the_Psychology_of_Totalism" title="Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Twisted_Scriptures" title="Twisted Scriptures">Twisted Scriptures</a></li>

<li><a href="When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Wrong_Way_Home" title="The Wrong Way Home">The Wrong Way Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Zealot%3A_A_Book_About_Cults" title="Zealot: A Book About Cults">Zealot: A Book About Cults</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_exemption" title="Religious exemption">Religious exemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_non-believers_or_irreligion" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of non-believers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious censorship</a></li>

<li>In Islam

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li>

<li><a href="Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">In China</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>

<li><a href="Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li>

<li><a href="Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>

<li><a href="Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li>

<li><a href="Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li>

<li><a href="Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li>

<li><a href="State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>

<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Golden_calf#Exclusion_of_the_Levites_and_mass_execution" title="Golden calf">Golden calf massacre</a> (c.1250 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li>

<li><a href="Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li>

<li><a href="Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li>

<li><a href="Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li>

<li><a href="Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li>

<li><a href="Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li>

<li><a href="Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Crusades#Crusades_against_Christians" title="List of Crusades">Crusades against Christians</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li>

<li><a href="Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li>

<li><a href="European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li>

<li><a href="Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li>

<li><a href="Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li>

<li><a href="French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li>

<li><a href="Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li>

<li><a href="Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li>

<li><a href="1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li>

<li><a href="Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li>

<li><a href="Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li>

<li><a href="Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li>

<li><a href="Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li>

<li><a href="Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922)

<ul><li><a href="Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li>

<li><a href="Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991)

<li><a href="Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Religious_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li>

<li><a href="Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Antireligious campaigns in China</a> (1949–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Persecution of Papuans</a> (1962–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963)

<ul><li><a href="Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976)

<li><a href="Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li>

<li><a href="Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li>

<li><a href="East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a> (1975–1999)</li>

<li><a href="1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989)

<ul><li><a href="1989_expulsion_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria" title="1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria">1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1989)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001)

<ul><li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li>

<li><a href="Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="2002_Gujarat_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li>

<li><a href="Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li>

<li><a href="Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li>

<li><a href="Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Mar_Elias_Church_attack" title="Mar Elias Church attack">Mar Elias Church attack</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="Portal%3AReligion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Deprogramming&oldid=1304248507">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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